Ahead of debate, Paul Ryan takes on Joe Biden

COLUMBUS, Ohio-Less than two weeks before Paul Ryan and Joe Biden face off on the debate stage, Paul Ryan took on his counterpart on the issues of Social Security and Medicare. The GOP vice presidential nominee almost always saves his rhetorical fire for the top of the Democratic ticket but Saturday he aimed to rebut a claim the vice president made on the campaign trail in Florida Friday.

"Just down in Florida yesterday Vice President Biden was making up all new falsehoods about Social Security and taxes," Ryan said at the U.S. Sportsmen's Alliance's annual banquet, an event for hunters and fishermen. "They're trying to scare people for political gain. That's unfortunately the kind of campaign that we're seeing, as I said with a president without a record to run on. Let me be very clear: There is only one person in this race threatening the health and retirement security programs of our seniors and that is President Obama. There is only one person in this race insisting on raising taxes and that is President Obama. In fact, Joe Biden himself voted to raise taxes on social security benefits and as a senator, President Obama voted to keep those tax increases in place three times."

Ryan continued saying his ticket "will never waiver in our commitment to our seniors."

"Our plans actually save these programs, they make no changes for people in or near retirement, they strengthen Medicare and Social Security for a generation," Ryan said. "And you know why we do this? Because it's a promise that was made. It's because people organized their retirements around these promises. They paid their taxes when they worked and now these benefits are due to them. And shame on the politician who wants to use this issue to try and scare seniors when those of us who are out there trying to fix this problem for my generation and my kids' generation and your kids."

Speaking at the Century Village retirement community in Boca Raton, Fla. Friday Joe Biden said the Romney-Ryan plan would raise taxes on Social Security and they would turn Medicare into "vouchercare."

"If Gov. Romney's plan goes into effect, it could mean that everyone, every one of you, would be paying more on taxes on your Social Security," Biden said. "The average senior would have to pay $460 a year more in taxes for their Social Security. Ladies and gentlemen, that's ? while these guys are ? hemorrhaging tax cuts for the super wealthy."

Biden's claim is based on a Tax Policy Center analysis that tried to explain some of Romney's economic goals - cutting taxes by 20 percent, closing undisclosed loopholes and balancing the budget. Romney's plan does not specify that he would achieve such goals by raising taxes on Social Security. When Romney unveiled his plan in 2011, he promised there would be no tax hikes on Social Security benefits.

Although the vice president accused the GOP ticket of raising taxes on Social Security, while serving in the senate he voted for President Bill Clinton's 1993 budget which raises taxes on Social Security benefits, something both the Romney and Ryan camps were eager to point out.

What Biden is referring to as "vouchercare" is Ryan's Medicare plan. Romney has said his plan for Medicare is nearly "identical" to his running mate's. Although Ryan rejects the term voucher it would replace the current Medicare system with a plan where beneficiaries would be paid an amount by the government that they would use toward private insurance premiums. Ryan's plan would not affect current seniors and although critics, including Biden, say seniors would end up paying more Ryan defends his plan saying it's the only way to save Medicare from going completely bankrupt.

Ryan and Biden's debate will take place on Oct. 11 in Danville, Ky. and it will be moderated by ABC News' Martha Raddatz. Ryan will take some time for debate prep this coming week heading to Virginia, after a bus tour through Iowa, to get ready for the face off. His debate sparring partner and Joe Biden stand-in is former Solicitor General Ted Olson.

ABC News' Arlette Saenz contributed to this report.

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ahead-debate-paul-ryan-takes-joe-biden-105459364--abc-news-politics.html

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Cry RAPE:Janet Silvera Senior writer Jamaica Gleaner- Speak 09 ...

The Movie Geeks speak with acclaimed actor Vincent D'Onofrio (Full Metal Jacket, Men in Black, Law & Order: Criminal Intent) about the highlights of his extraordinary career, and his new film Chained, which is now available on DVD and blu-ray.

Butz and Butz Sports Radio broadcast live from the bar at the One Crazy Fan Tailgate Truck at Lincoln Financial Field with former Eagles Pro Bowl linebacker William Thomas.

At only 20 years old, J. Anton Boykin is already affectionately known as the "Sax Sensation." Since the age of eight he has been mastering the craft of music. Come listen to him talk about what inspires him.

EGH Media presents Rowan Galagher who is The Mad Pride. A singer, songwriter and instrumentalist who doesn't read music and also successfully controls Tourette?s syndrome.

MGN Radio welcomes Author Ngozi Achebe to discuss her new book, Onaedo - The Blacksmith's Daughter on our show. Her debut novel has already been nominated for several literary awards.

The Gridiron Chefs with TP Tymless and James Greenwood break down the weeks games in the NFL, the pressing topics around the league and listener questions.

This week Tim and Jill will finish the discussion on LGBT and Marriage Equality, this is a hot topic that has been trending on social networks and is an important issue for voters as we near election time.

Francy and Friends will be LIVE from The Days of Terror Convention, be sure to tune in as they will be meeting some of the biggest names in horror films. You never know who you might run into.

It's open-wheel racing and NASCAR on this episode, as Dustin Parks will be joined by guest co-host Glenn Locke. These two always bring great conversation, and this will be no different.

Grab your Saturday morning coffee and tune into "Those Diner and Motorcycle Guys" hosted by those eggs over easy riders Garrison Leykam and Scot Doane. "Those Diner and Motorcycle Guys"...talk radio was never like this!

BGE Radio welcomes Playboy Model Crissy Henderson to the show. Crissy is an actress, model and philanthropist. Tune in as she speaks about her life and upcoming work.

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Awkward Celebrity Yearbook Photos: Guess Who's Who!

No one would have guessed that these dorky kids would grow up to be Hollywood stars! Can you recognize these celebs from their school pics?

Source: http://www.ivillage.com/awkward-celebrity-yearbook-photos/1-b-489304?dst=iv%3AiVillage%3Aawkward-celebrity-yearbook-photos-489304

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Why Do Oil Companies Favor the GOP, When They Fare Better Under Dems?

The fossil-fuel industry has long given more money to Republicans than Democrats, but in this presidential campaign it has skewed far further: from 2-to-1 or 4-to-1 in the past, the ratio of campaign donations is now at 8-to-1?in the Republicans? favor (see chart above). Yet the industry has in fact fared better under recent Democratic than Republican presidents, according to a new investment bank report.

In a Sept. 27 note to clients, Oppenheimer?s Fadel Gheit writes that each party has held the White House for half of the last 24 years. Under Democrats, the exchange-traded index of leading oil and gas companies, called XOI, rose an average of 9 percent a year. Under Republicans, the XOI rose 7 percent annually.

ExxonMobil specifically (the industry?s second-largest contributor to Republican causes, with $1.8 million poured into the campaign) has had a 10 percent average annual rise in its share price under Democrats, and 7 percent under Republicans, Gheit writes. (Consumers have fared better under Democrats as well: crude oil prices rose 10 percent a year under Republicans over the last quarter century, compared with 7 percent under Democrats. Natural gas prices rose 6 percent a year under Republicans, compared with just 2 percent under Democrats.)

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Yet the industry and its supporters have spent $31.6 million to support Republicans and unseat Democrats in this election cycle, or 89 percent of the $42.6 million spent on all candidates, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, a Washington-based watchdog group. And that is only direct spending on candidates. In addition, the industry and its supporters have poured?$153 million into television ads defending oil, gas and coal, compared with $41 million by clean energy advocates, according a study by The New York Times.

The industry is not only picking on Obama?since 1990, oil and gas companies and their employees have focused some 78 percent of their political contributions on Republican candidates, or $239 million of the $319 million that they spent.

So what explains the industry?s election contribution decisions? In the current election cycle, Republican candidates generally support opening up closed federal land and coastal areas to wide-scale oil and gas drilling; they also by and large support coal mining. Obama and Democrats generally have been big backers of federal support for renewable fuels such as solar and wind, in order to scale back U.S. consumption of fossil fuels.

But that is not everything. There is also ?visceral disdain, beyond dislike? for Obama, John Hofmeister, the former president of Shell USA, told me. ?He?s basically viewed as a know-nothing, empty suit by the industry, using whatever language he needs to so that people think he?s engaged and doing something,? Hofmeister said in an email exchange. ?In meetings with energy executives that I have all the time, it doesn?t take much to get people to a level of angst about Obama that some spit and some just curse.?

With polls showing Obama holding a consistent and growing lead over Republican Mitt Romney, industry leaders are preparing for what comes next, which, if the president does win re-election, apparently will be continued staunch opposition to his energy policies. ?[Oil and gas industry] people will grind their teeth, curse in private and public, say to one another that they?ll have to open their wallets to work against Obama?s efforts, and basically wait him out,? Hofmeister said. ?No one expects him to reach out in victory and offer to work together on the nation?s future energy.?

The industry will take the long view. ?The industry will concentrate on what it does [best]?fight the good fight to resist Obama and his directions,? said Hofmeister, ?and come out the other end in reasonably good shape with momentum on their side because the public will be so upset at the lack of energy leadership that gets us to where we?ll be.?

Want to stay ahead of the curve? Sign up for National Journal?s AM & PM Must Reads. News and analysis to ensure you don?t miss a thing.

Source: http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/why-do-oil-companies-favor-the-gop-when-they-fare-better-under-dems--20120929

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Your preschooler thinks like a scientist | Health X Pert Articles ...

Young children have more sophisticated thought processes than you might imagine. A review article in the journal Science ?by Alison Gopnik of the University of California, Berkeley, sums up a swath of research suggesting that preschoolers can make deductions about cause and effect, infer preferences and test hypotheses. "New empirical work shows that young children learn from statistics, experiments (i.e., play) and from the actions of others in much the same way that scientists do," Gopnik writes. Here's an experiment to demonstrate: Gopnik?and colleagues showed children a device called a "blicket detector," which is a box that plays music in response to certain blocks being placed on it. ?Block A activated music by itself, block B did not, but both A and B together would activate music.? The researchers found that the 2, 3 and 4 years old children?were able to figure this out and make the music play. A 2011 study in the journal Cognition showed a similar effect.? That experiment involved plastic beads that can attach to each other to make a larger structure.? Individual beads were placed on a machine and one group saw that only some beads made the machine work, whereas the second group saw that all beads did.? Then, the kids got two new beads hooked together to play with.? In the group where only some beads led to the machine going, kids pulled the beads apart and tested them separately.? In the other group, they did not. The beliefs of young children are also influenced by statistical evidence.?? A 2007 study in Developmental Psychology found that preschoolers could more easily point to something as a "cause" when it went along with their theories, than when it went against their theories. Such studies drive home the point that children's play isn't frivolous; it's actually utilizing a degree of scientific thinking, she writes.? It may even suggest that older students and adults could benefit from learning scientific concepts in a more observational "play"-oriented way, rather than just being talked at. Gopnik argues that this research has profound implications for policy.? She says that policy-makers "systematically underestimate the intellectual capabilities of preschoolers," and that the scientific work that children demonstrate in experiments like these is "more cognitively challenging, in fact, than most school work." Tell us what you think: Could education benefit from these insights? Share your thoughts in the comments. Filed under: Children?s Health , Mental Health Tagged: Elizabeth Landau ? CNN.com Health Writer/Producer

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Your preschooler thinks like a scientist

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Uranium-contaminated site yields wealth of information on microbes 10 feet under

ScienceDaily (Sep. 27, 2012) ? University of California, Berkeley, scientists have sequenced nearly all the genes in an underground community of microbes at a contaminated uranium mill site in Rifle, Colo., providing information that could help scientists better manipulate the microbes that remediate heavy metal contamination or those that take up and store carbon from the atmosphere.

Each of the 150,000 genes from the sample was assigned to one of 80 different microbes in the soil, an unprecedented computational feat made possible by new genomic tools developed at UC Berkeley.

The findings could help improve clean-up at hundreds of sites around the United States where microbes are nurtured to convert toxic metals, including arsenic and mercury, into chemical forms that will not leech into aquifers and streams, the scientists said. It may be possible, for example, to add nutrients that would create the ideal mix of microbes to immobilize the metals, instead of just feeding all the microbes already present.

"In order to make this goal a reality, it is critical not to just detect the relevant genes in subsurface microorganisms, but to know enough about the lifestyles of the organisms with genes of interest so that manipulation of the system enriches specifically for that organism," said study leader Jill Banfield, UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science and of environmental science, policy and management.

The information in the genomes of the 80 microbes located 10 feet or more beneath the surface could also lead to improved methods for stimulating the uptake of carbon from the atmosphere by soil bacteria to reduce greenhouse gases.

"Our study turned upside down what we thought was happening at the bioremediation site," said lead author Kelly C. Wrighton, a UC Berkeley post-doctoral fellow who specializes in the physiology of microbes. "What these genomes have given us is amazing in terms of being able to look under the hood at the machine of these organisms that we never really knew anything about, except that we saw them in certain types of environments."

Wrighton, Banfield and colleagues at UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), report their metagenomic analysis in the Sept. 28 issue of the journal Science. Banfield is also a member of the Earth Sciences Division at LBNL.

The metagenomic analysis proves that methods developed by Banfield at UC Berkeley to take a jumble of sequenced genes and assign them to specific microbes works even when there are nearly 100 bacteria and Archaea in the sample. Most metagenome analyses generally leave the genes unassigned to organisms, which gives scientists little idea of the role specific microbes play.

"The techniques developed in Jill's lab for doing metagenomics of very complex microbial communities is giving us a much more accurate look at what the microbes are doing and how we can modify them to get them to do more effectively what we want them to do, which is reduce uranium to form a solid," said Philip E. Long, an LBNL geologist who manages research at the Rifle study site. "We are finding out from these studies that the subsurface microbial economy is different from what we thought."

The "dark matter" of biology

The microbes came from groundwater samples taken at a site once used to process vanadium and, during and after World War II, uranium. The site borders the Colorado River, which means that rain can carry dissolved metals into the groundwater and eventually into the river. Some microbes "breathe" the metals like we breathe oxygen, chemically altering them so they become insoluble and remain in the sediment, Wrighton said.

Banfield refers to microbe communities like these as the "dark matter" of biology, an analogy to the missing mass in the universe that has stumped astronomers for decades. The bacterial tree of life can be divided into about 60 phylum-level branches, but essentially nothing is known about half of them, she said.

"This new study provides new knowledge about the ecology as well as the evolution of a significant chunk of what could be considered the dark matter of the microbial world," she said.

Before now, Banfield had performed metagenomic analyses of eight microbes coexisting in highly acidic underground streams in a former California mine and current Superfund clean-up site. Such an analysis involves grinding up all organisms in a sample, sequencing all the genes and then matching each with a unique microbial species.

The new study involved the genomes of 10 times more organisms. All are anaerobic -- they don't breathe oxygen like most organisms on Earth -- and most, while not new to science, are totally unstudied because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Many are only a few hundred nanometers across, making them among the smallest known microbes.

Scientists at the Rifle site spread acetate -- essentially dilute vinegar -- in the subsurface to feed the underground bacteria that convert soluble metals to insoluble metals. They had assumed that they were culturing a colony comprised mostly of Geobacter bemidjiensis, a well-known metal-reducing bacterium.

Instead, Wrighton said, analysis of three samples obtained within 10 days of acetate application showed a healthy population of Geobacter, but a throng of other bacteria presumably feeding on dead Geobacter and other carbon in the soil from previous additions of acetate. These organisms use or ferment complex carbon, such as dead plants and dead microbes, and produce hydrogen, small organic carbon compounds and carbon dioxide.

"The fermenters producing hydrogen after multiple additions of acetate may be more important to the underlying microbial community than we once thought," Long said.

"What we found was like a microbial zoo," Wrighton said. "We thought that the respiring organisms -- those breathing metals and making carbon dioxide -- were our heavy lifters, but we found that fermentative organisms probably underpin their metabolism. These organisms produce as a bi-product acetate, lactate and ethanol as well as hydrogen and those are all components that these respiring organisms can use."

Wrighton, Banfield and their team are continuing metagenomic analyses of samples from the Rifle site, including some obtained before nutrients are added to determine what the natural population looks like. This will provide a comprehensive view of the metabolic potential of the subsurface that ultimately can be harnessed for bioremediation, Banfield said.

"Our research has lifted a veil on a large portion of bacterial life and enabled us to probe in great depth and detail these unknown and uncultured bacteria," said Wrighton, who hopes to use this information to raise the microbes in the laboratory. "We now have information, which is encoded in their genomic DNA, pertaining to what they look like, how they make their living in the environment, and the interactions they have with other organisms."

The work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Biological and Environmental Research program. Coauthors of the paper include Brian C. Thomas, Itai Sharon and Christopher S. Miller of UC Berkeley; Long, Cindy J. Castelle and Kenneth H. Williams of LBNL; Nathan C. VerBerkmoes and Robert L. Hettich of ORNL; and Michael J. Wilkins and Mary S. Lipton of PNNL.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Berkeley. The original article was written by Robert Sanders.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Kelly C. Wrighton, Brian C. Thomas, Itai Sharon, Christopher S. Miller, Cindy J. Castelle, Nathan C. VerBerkmoes, Michael J. Wilkins, Robert L. Hettich, Mary S. Lipton, Kenneth H. Williams, Philip E. Long, and Jillian F. Banfield. Fermentation, Hydrogen, and Sulfur Metabolism in Multiple Uncultivated Bacterial Phyla. Science, 2012; 337 (6102): 1661-1665 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224041

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/QOreq2RnlU8/120927141533.htm

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Google obeys Brazilian order, blocks video

19 hrs.

Staff , Reuters

RIO?DE JANEIRO???The Brazilian unit of Google, the world's No. 1 Internet search engine, said on Thursday it had obeyed a court order to remove a video attacking a candidate in Brazilian municipal elections from its YouTube service after legal appeals were exhausted.

"We are profoundly disappointed to not have the opportunity of openly debating our arguments in the electoral justice system that the videos were legitimate manifestations of the freedom of expression and should continue (to be) available in Brazil," said Fabio Coelho, director-general of Google in Brazil in an e-mailed statement.

The legal challenges underscore broader questions about Google's responsibility for content uploaded by third parties to its websites, including an anti-Islam video that sparked a wave of protests and violence in the Muslim world.

An arrest warrant was issued for Coelho earlier this week by a court in Brazil's Mato Grosso do Sul state after Google failed to obey an order demanding removal of the video attacking a mayoral candidate.

Judges in Brazil have held executives responsible for resisting the removal of online videos in violation of a stringent 1965 Electoral Code. The law bans campaign ads that "offend the dignity or decorum" of a candidate.

Google, which says it complies with local law but fights "diligently" to protect free speech, complied with the judge's order after it ran out of appeal chances, Coelho said.

On Wednesday, Coelho was questioned by Federal Police officers over the failure to remove the video and was later released.

"Despite this, we will continue with our global campaign for liberty of expression, not just because it is a prerequisite for a free society but also because more information generally means more schools, more power, more economic opportunities and more liberty for people," he said.

'Intimidation effect'

The person or persons who posted the offending videos "ironically" removed them on their own accord and closed their YouTube account, Coelho said.

"This is just one example of the intimidation effect of such an episode for freedom of speech," he added.

Earlier this month, an electoral court in Brazil's Paraiba ordered the arrest of another senior Google executive, Edmundo Luiz Pinto Balthazar, after the company refused to take down a YouTube video mocking a mayoral candidate there.

The video clip loaded by the user "Paraiba Humor" seized on a verbal slip by a candidate in a montage remarking, "What an idiot???give him an F!"

Within days, another judge overturned the order to arrest Balthazar, writing that "Google is not the intellectual author of the video, it did not post the file and for that reason it cannot be punished for its propagation."

Broader debate

Brazil also entered a broader international debate this week about an inflammatory YouTube video depicting the Prophet Mohammad as a womanizer, fool and child abuser, when a state court in Sao Paulo ordered Google to take down the video.

World leaders have decried the video, which set off a string of violent protests in the Muslim world, including attacks on U.S. embassies in Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Several Muslim leaders called for international action to outlaw acts of blasphemy.

When President Barack Obama addressed the U.N. General Assembly on Tuesday, he repeated his condemnations of the video as "crude and disgusting" but defended the importance of free speech in the United States and throughout the world.

Ruling on a lawsuit by Brazil's National Islamic Union, Sao Paulo Judge Gilson Delgado Miranda gave Google 10 days to remove the video. In his decision, Miranda said he weighed freedom of expression against the need to protect against action that might incite religious discrimination.

(Reporting By Jeb Blount; editing by Todd Eastham)?

(c) CopyrightThomson Reuters 2012. Check for restrictions at:?http://about.reuters.com/fulllegal.asp?

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/google-obeys-brazilian-court-order-blocks-youtube-video-6152227

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Smart Forstars concept EV brings drive-in theater to a wall near you (video)

Auto show concept cars are all whizzy styling and impractical interiors, and Smart's latest offering, the Forstars EV at the Paris Auto Show, has all that in spades. But the stubby car has another show-stopping feature we'd love to see in production -- a projector installed right into the vehicle's grill. That would let you and a special friend pull the two-seater up to any white wall and beam the flick of your choice from an iPhone's bluetooth port, while blasting the audio through the sound system. Other friends not in the Forstars' confines would also get the sound from speakers located in the ventilation grills behind the doors. Once rolling, the concept Smart moves along with an 80 horsepower electric motor and 17.6 kWh battery, boasting 127 lb/ft of torque and an 80MPH top speed. Since the car's currently a one-off, don't get any ideas about heading to Lookout Point with a screen in tow -- but you can head to the video after the break to see how it works.

Gallery: Smart forstar concept EV

Gallery: Smart forstars EV concept press images

Continue reading Smart Forstars concept EV brings drive-in theater to a wall near you (video)

Filed under: Displays, Transportation

Smart Forstars concept EV brings drive-in theater to a wall near you (video) originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 28 Sep 2012 08:46:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/28/smart-forstars-concept-ev-projector/

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Earning Legitimately Online Thru A Search Site. - Moonlight Websites

A Guide to the Acme-People-Search Programme Set up by Tissa Godivatarne : Why would an individual I haven't ever met need to help me? Why is he giving me $125 after twenty-four hours of me enrolling? How did he make so much cash and why does he wish to teach me the simplest way to do it as well? I reckon That I became a little bit distrustful after the last couple of months of trying hard to find something that pays when referring to online work. I am bored with emptying my trash filter of loads of worthless mail shots that I do not even remember enrolling for. I wasted some cash on the way and I have been unhappy by web sites that guarantee you everything and deliver nothing. I wasted hours testing out surveys and other techniques of earning money online and after four months I only made $2! Are you able to believe it? Then my hubby showed me a site about Tissa Godivitarne and his Acme-People -Search-Engine. You made your content apparent to the search websites by employing keywords that have relevancy to your internet site. Somehow we both were extremely impressed with him and interested by how much he's earning since he developed his very own niche folk search site.

When your internet site ranks well with search websites you shortly will receive more highly targeted traffic. This won't just build your name as a guru in your niche but get you masses of free highly targeted traffic. Search sites love well optimised sites and as a consequence send enormous volumes of traffic to them. Job search sites to some degree cross the gap between the companies and the job hunters. It may occur the resume may get into the hands of scammers who might misuse the info. Many possibilities in certain sectors like education surgery management, medicare and civilian sector are also available thru job search sites. Job search websites rely on the technology of Search Engine Optimisation. They may implement link-building techniques, as well. They'll revise your internet site code and your site contents if required. The aim of a search engine promotion firm is to bring your internet site to the top and let you remain there.

Since being on top of search site results page is what you want and a search engine promotion firm can provide you with what you want, then there?s truly not very much question on whether you are going to designate such a firm, do you? I have attended webinars with Tissa, and have spoken with him. If you're also already in online promoting, you add this to your business as a further earnings stream. One great thing about this business? You get free coaching, you can talk straight to the owner, who BTW is particularly helpful, and will give you all of the tips that you will need to learn and build you business. I have investigated so intently about this business to accept it 100 pc.

Source: http://www.moonlightwebsites.com/archives/370/earning-legitimately-online-thru-a-search-site/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=earning-legitimately-online-thru-a-search-site

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Bone marrow holds secrets for treating colitis and Crohn's

Wednesday, September 26, 2012

Michigan State University researchers have unlocked secrets in bone marrow that could lead to improved treatments for colitis and Crohn's disease.

The results, featured in the current issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences, show that the havoc inflammatory bowel diseases wreaks on the digestive tract is mirrored in bone marrow. Early indications also show that the disorders of the gut could potentially be treated through the bone marrow, said Pam Fraker, MSU University Distinguished Professor of biochemistry and molecular biology.

"It's possible that if we could reduce bone marrow's ability to produce inflammatory cells that we could reduce the severity of colitis and Crohn's disease," said Fraker, who co-authored the study with MSU colleagues Laura McCabe, professor of physiology and radiology, and Mark Trottier, research specialist. "This could limit the damage that the disease causes and reduce the number of patients needing surgery."

Colitis and Crohn's affect more than a million people in the United States, including a growing number of children. There are no preventive treatments; however, steroids are often prescribed to reduce the diseases' pain and inflammation. The side effect of this course is tissue damage, which could lead to surgery and additional complications.

Watching a young patient suffer through the pain of severe colitis bolstered Fraker's need to research this devastating disease.

"She was very frail, sick, addicted to narcotics to numb her pain and had several intestinal surgeries to no avail," Fraker said. "This became a huge motivator for me as it drove home how little real help is available to these patients."

Fraker focused on bone marrow, which is a large, highly active and responsive tissue. When colitis was induced in mice, she was surprised by the significant and swift changes that occurred in their bone marrow. The symptoms of colitis, such as swelling, anemia and unhealthy increases in monocytes and neutrophils, (cells that fight infection but exacerbate the excessive swelling in intestines) were reflected in the bone marrow.

The bone marrow's reactions actually fan the flames of the inflammatory bowel diseases rather than help cure it. When bone marrow amps up production of monocytes and neutrophils, it does it at the expense of making lymphocytes and red blood cells, keys to immune defense.

The research was funded in part by the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation.

###

Michigan State University: http://www.newsroom.msu.edu

Thanks to Michigan State University for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 28 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/123816/Bone_marrow_holds_secrets_for_treating_colitis_and_Crohn_s

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TLC orders specials, extra episodes of Boo Boo

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Vampire squid sucks up garbage, not blood

Despite their name, vampire squid are not deep-sea bloodsuckers. In fact, new research finds these mysterious creatures are garbage disposals of the ocean.

Using long, skinny tendrils called filaments, vampire squid capture marine detritus hovering in the water ? from crustacean eyes and legs to larvae poop ? then coat it in mucus before chowing down, according to the new findings.

The discovery is a first for cephalopods, which include squid, octopus and cuttlefish, said study researcher Henk-Jan Hoving.

"It's the first record of a cephalopod that doesn't hunt for living prey," Hoving, a postdoctoral scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in California, told LiveScience.

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      Science editor Alan Boyle's blog: Thousands of images from Australia's Great Barrier Reef and other coral locales are being stitched together into an eye-popping array of 360-degree panoramas ? but this project isn't just about pretty pictures.

   2. Vampire squid sucks up garbage, not blood
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   4. Is the uncertainty principle misunderstood?

A mystery squid
Vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis), which grow to be about a foot (30 centimeters) long, are widespread but not well-known. Even their life spans remains a mystery. Their name comes from their dark coloring, red eyes and the cloak-like webbing between their arms. And as namesakes of the undead, vampire squid apparently have little need for breathing. They thrive in oceanic oxygen minimum zones, where the oxygen levels are sometimes less than 5 percent that of the surrounding air. ?

Adding to their mystique, vampire squid are capable of bioluminescence. They use this self-made light to blend in with sunlight filtering down to the deep sea.

Along with their eight arms, vampire squid have two long, whiplike filaments. Researchers have long suspected that these long tendrils might help the squid feed, but the new study is the first to clarify how. [ Under the Sea: A Squid Album ]

Hoving and his colleagues observed captured vampire squid in the lab and also pored over 24 hours of videotape of vampire squid seen between 1992 and 2012 in their natural environments in Monterey Bay submarine canyon off the coast of Northern California.

Hoving said he first noticed that after researchers added some food to a tank containing a captive vampire squid, the animal retracted its filament and wiped it off on its suckered arms. And in the videos, Hoving noticed vampire squid with "amorphous masses" in their mouths.

After Hoving examined the digestive tract contents of museum specimens of squid, he began to put the pieces together. Instead of containing chewed-up fish or crustaceans as the stomachs of most cephalopods do, the vampire squid stomachs held bits of flotsam and jetsam: fish eggs, bits of crustacean antennae and eyes and legs, larvae and even larvae feces, among other things. These scraps were cemented together by chunks of mucus.

Vampire feeding strategy
An anatomical examination of the squid revealed their suckers have no suction power; rather, they excrete mucus. What appears to happen, Hoving said, is that squid hover in the water, extending out a filament (which can be up to eight times as long as their own body). Such behavior was seen in 33 percent of video observations.

Marine detritus, including bits of dead crustaceans, larvae, eggs and even tiny jellyfish-like creatures called salps, fall and float past the filament, getting caught on sticky hairs on the structure. The squid can then pull in the food and brush it onto their arms, which coat the food with mucus to stick it together. Finger-like appendages called cirri then move the food toward the mouth at the base of the arms. [ 10 Scariest Sea Creatures ]

This passive eating style enables the squid to live in low-oxygen zones in the ocean, Hoving said. Vampire squid also have extremely low metabolisms and a specialized protein in their respiratory system that clings strongly to oxygen molecules, he said.

With this knowledge, Hoving said, researchers can study how fast the squid grow and how long they live.

"It shows again that cephalopods are extremely adapted in a wide variety of ways to the ocean habitat," Hoving said. "They're very successful in the world's oceans. It's amazing that some of these cephalopods have even found ways to live under conditions that are adverse to most other animals."

The researchers reported their findings Tuesday in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.?

Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas ? or LiveScience @livescience.? We're also on Facebook ? and Google+.

? 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/49172070/ns/technology_and_science-science/

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Family: Man shot by Seattle police had dementia - KHQ Right Now ...

SEATTLE (AP) - A 77-year-old man who was shot to death by Seattle police suffered from dementia, his family said Monday.

Henry Lee Sr. suffered from the disorder and other diseases, his son, Henry Lee Jr. told The Seattle Times.

The man's grandson, Gabriel Lee, said he was a retired construction worker who lived alone and had been losing his memory over the past three years.

The King County medical examiner's office said it was working to confirm the name of the man.

Police said the man was alarmed by a disturbance outside his home and called 911 using his medical alert relay service. He was shot when he met officers at the door with a gun, police said.

"He was talking about the lights outside and said he had a weapon and wasn't afraid to use it," said police Det. Mark Jamieson. The man also mentioned a prowler, but there was none, Jamieson said.

The man refused commands to drop the weapon, police said, and was killed when two officers fired.

No officers were injured. The officers involved were placed on leave during the shooting investigation.

It's unclear why the man responded the way he did.

"We don't know what his thinking process was," Jamieson said.

The disturbance reported by the man turned out to be the fire department responding to a person in a car who appeared to have some sort of medical crisis.

Gabriel Lee told the Times his grandfather was still competent but forgetful.

"He used to have a lot of guns, but my dad took most of them away," Gabriel Lee said. "He was always nice to me. He took me fishing when I was a kid."

Information from: The Seattle Times, http://www.seattletimes.com

Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://www.khq.com/story/19620619/police-shoot-armed-man-at-south-seattle-home

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Make More Money With These Great Internet Marketing Tips! | Eric ...

You will have a successful online business if you do not use efficient Internet marketing techniques. This is an important point. Internet marketing can mean the difference between failing and succeeding in business. Here are some great ways to ensure that your Internet marketing strategy is a success.

With most cell phone companies, it is possible to get a second number linked onto a single device. So get a dedicated number.

Ultimately, internet marketing is about recognizing a problem and fixing it. When you start your day, create a list of questions that need answering. By helping others with problems, they will ultimately become great customers that return year after year.

TIP! Send related items and catalogs to your customers. They are more likely to make purchases from you if a previous order went well.

Having your business listed in Google is the path to success. There are a lot of folks looking at Google at all times; you should know when they are searching for something you have to offer. Google has a wide range of directories and listing options. Use them to your advantage.

Keeping an eye on your competition is an important part of internet marketing. It doesn?t matter what market you have, there is always competition.

Make use of word-of-mouth in the form of viral videos. You have to really find something unique and special in order to attract that kind of viewership that will make a video considered viral. If you are able to do this well, you will reap great results and have more success than you would with any other style of internet marketing campaign.

TIP! To help achieve business success and to get a larger customer base, it is very important you use social media as a part of your Internet marketing strategy. Creating a Facebook page and a Twitter can get you more clients.

Web marketing is the same as other advertisers, but could be dissimilar in other certain areas. For example, you may find that search engines are no longer paying attention to your title tags. Knowing this, you might need to place more effort in marketing a video to viral audiences.

Try and create an emotional bond between your customers and your site through marketing materials. Show your readers how your products can help them enhance their lives and fullfil their needs. Your advertising copy should read as if the customer is enjoying the special features and benefits of the product, even as they are reading the ad.

When requesting a reputable site to provide their readers with a link to your own site, offer a ready-made and appealing button for them to use. Others that are in your position will link your site to theirs and that will help draw in the customers from your site to theirs and vice versa.

TIP! Try getting interviews with knowledgeable people in the industry. To avoid legal issues down the road, ensure you get the proper rights before publishing anything.

Be certain to follow up with all clients. After trying the product for a few days, have your customers write reviews.

Develop your website as much as possible so your Internet marketing campaign has a strong core. Try out different color palettes and find one that helps show your product in the best light. Keep that in mind when you are building your site.

You should include a section on your site for customer contacts. Oftentimes, people are interested in see what others buyers have to say about the product and enjoy seeing the experience others had. It also eases their mind when they see positive comments about your products, which makes it more likely that they will purchase something from you.

TIP! Provide incentives for referrals. One sale can be easily multiplied by simply offering customers a freebie or a discount when they refer others to your website.

Do you need an idea for marketing on the internet? Always keep your primary goal in mind when creating a landing page, and make sure that objective is apparent. Your products should always be front and center. All site visitors should immediately understand that they are looking at a product page when they visit your page. If your visitors have to search for content or products they are seeking, chances are they will leave quickly.

If you want your business to be a success in this modern age, you need to embrace Internet marketing. It can make the difference between a company shutting down or simply doing alright, versus businesses that continue growing. If you use these tips, you will make sure your business is seen and used on the internet. This will help you succeed with any of your online endeavors

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Source: http://www.maynaseric.com/make-more-money-with-these-great-internet-marketing-tips

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NEET-UG 2013 Syllabus Physics Chemistry Biology Download www ...

Search Latest Admission Notification Here

CBSE NEET-UG 2013 for MBBS, BDS, Entrance Test 2013-2014

Final Syllabus for NEET-UG

CORE SYLLABUS Physics, Chemistry, Biology
(Higher Secondary Stage)

For National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to MBBS courses across the country

The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommends the following syllabus for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for admission to MBBS courses across the country (NEETUG) after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT and COBSE. This is to establish a uniformity across the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in medical education

PHYSICS

CONTENTS CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement
Details:-
? Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.
? Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.
? Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

UNIT II: Kinematics
Details:-
? Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line; Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).

? Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors,general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.

? Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components.
? Scalar and Vector products of Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration- projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

UNIT III: Laws of Motion
Details:-
? Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton?s first law of motion; momentum and Newton?s second law of motion; impulse; Newton?s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.

? Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.

? Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).

UNIT IV: Work, Energy and Power
Details:-
? Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.

? Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Details:-
? Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.

? Moment of a force,-torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.

? Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

UNIT VI: Gravitation
Details:-
? Kepler?s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.

? Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites.

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Details:-
? Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke?s law, Young?s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, poisson?s ratio; elastic energy.

? Viscosity, Stokes? law, terminal velocity, Reynold?s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli?s theorem and its applications.

? Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; change of state ? latent heat.

? Heat transfer- conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein?s displacement law, and Green House effect.

? Newton?s law of cooling and Stefan?s law.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics
Details:-
? Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes.

? Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
Details:-
? Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.

? Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path.

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
Details:-
? Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM ?Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.

? Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.

CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Electrostatics
Details:-
? Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb?s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

? Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

? Electric flux, statement of Gauss?s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)

? Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric diploes in an electrostatic field.

? Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

UNIT II: Current Electricity
Details:-
? Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm?s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (liner and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.

? Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

? Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.

? Kirchhoff?s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

? Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Details:-
? Concept of magnetic field, Oersted?s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

? Ampere?s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

? Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

? Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth?s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

? Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples.

? Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Details:-
? Electromagnetic induction; Faraday?s law, induced emf and current; Lenz?s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.

? Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.

? AC generator and transformer.

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves
Details:-
? Need for displacement current.

? Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

? Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

UNIT VI: Optics
Details:-
? Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker?s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

? Scattering of light- blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

? Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.

? Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

? Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens? principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts.

? Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens? principle.

? Interference, Young?s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light.

? Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.

? Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster?s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Details:-
? Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard?s observations; Einstein?s photoelectric equation- particle nature of light.

? Matter waves- wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
Details:-
? Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford?s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.

? Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices
Details:-
? Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch .

CHEMISTRY

CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Details:-
? General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry.

? Laws of chemical combination, Dalton?s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.

? Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom
Details:-
? Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie?s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund?s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Details:-
? Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Details:-
? Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.

UNITV: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Details:-
? Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle?s law, Charle?s law, Gay Lussac?s law, Avogadro?s law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

? Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

UNITVI : Thermodynamics
Details:-
? First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess?s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution.

? Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.

? Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.

UNIT VII: Equilibrium
Details:-
? Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibriumLe Chatelier?s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
Details:-
? Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.

UNIT IX: Hydrogen
Details:-
? Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydridesionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy
water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and structure;

UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
Details:-
? Group I and group 2 elements:

? General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses.

? Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:

? Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.

? Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
Details:-
? General Introduction to p-Block Elements.

? Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.

? General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.

? Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
Details:-
? General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

? Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.

? Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
Details:-
? Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.

? Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov?s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.

? Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

? Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft?s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
Details:-
? Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Solid State
Details:-
? Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

UNIT II: Solutions
Details:-
? Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult?s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.

UNIT III: Electrochemistry
Details:-
? Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch?s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
Details:-
? Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
Details:-
? Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Details:-
? Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

UNIT VII: p- Block Elements
Details:-
? Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

? Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur ? allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

? Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

? Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
Details:-
? General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

? Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

? Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
Details:-
? Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour,magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner?s theory VBT,CFT; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Details:-
? Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C ?X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.

? Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

? Uses and environment effects of ? dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Details:-
? Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

? Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

? Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Details:-
? Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

? Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Details:-
? Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.

? Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.

? Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
Details:-
? Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.

? Proteins- Elementary idea of ? amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

? Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).

? Vitamins- Classification and function.

? Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

UNIT XV: Polymers
Details:-
? Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
Details:-
? Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

? Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

? Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

BIOLOGY

CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

Details:
? What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy ? Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

? Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

? Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).

? Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Details:
? Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).

? Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function
Details:
? Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids,micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

? Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.

? B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology
Details:-
? Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant ? water relations ? Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water ? Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).

? Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

? Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

? Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relationsNumber of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

? Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

UNIT IV: Human Physiology

Details:-
? Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders ? PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

? Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

? Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory systemHypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

? Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

? Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

? Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

? Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison?s disease).

(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Reproduction
Details:-
? Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction ? Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

? Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization eventsDevelopment of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

? Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

? Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies ? IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
Details:-
? Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from MendelismIncomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down?s syndrome, Turner?s and Klinefelter?s syndromes.

? Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulationLac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

? Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin?s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg?s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
Details:-
? Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

? Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

? Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Details:-
? Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

? Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

UNIT V: Ecology and environment
Details:-
? Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

? Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.

? Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

? Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

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